1. Contrast conflict-management approaches with traditional police policy. The main difference between traditional police policy and conflict-management approaches is that the former is reactive, and the latter is proactive (Roufa, 2017). Conflict-management approaches can be incorporated into community policing strategies to de-escalate conflicts before they lead to crises. Within police organizations, conflict management approaches can also help transform the organizational culture to promote personal responsibility, accountability, and transparency. Conflict-management approaches encourage law enforcement personnel to collaborate with community organizations, rather than having an antagonistic or oppositional relationship with those organizations or individuals. Whereas traditional police policy ensures a strict division of labor and organizational hierarchy, a conflict-management approach encourages greater interdependency among law enforcement personnel (Roufa, 2017).

2. Describe crisis negotiations.

Crisis negotiations are “one of law enforcement’s most effective tools,” because when done successfully, can prevent disastrous outcomes and save lives (Thompson, 2014). Typically crisis negotiations are thought of in terms of hostage negotiations because of media hype, but only 4% of crisis negotiations involve a hostage situation. The vast majority of crisis negotiations involve more mundane situations, from domestic disputes to attempted suicides. There are...

Identify several alternatives to arrest.
Law enforcement personnel have the discretion to use options other than arrest. Low-risk offenders and minor incidences do not necessitate an arrest, and especially when dealing with young people, officers are advised to diffuse the situation rather than to automatically use the power to arrest. To promote public safety and discourage delinquency, officers can issue warnings or civil citations, transport homeless people to shelters or safer areas, or transport drug users to rehabilitation centers. Other alternatives to arrest may be situational, such as providing informal counseling at the time of the incident.

4. Describe the defusement process.

Defusing is an informal process used during critical incidents and traumatic events. To maximize the effectiveness of defusement, officers respond immediately, attending to victims, witnesses, or anyone involved in the crisis. The process of defusement focuses on active listening and offering psychological support in ways most suitable to the individual and the situation. After initially assessing the situation and listening, defusement then proceeds to an informational stage, during which the person is offered specific coping strategies that can range…